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![]() Where The Fuck Is The Internet Browser Download An Interface“People we’d never met were telling us how they were using our stuff and adding things to it,” McCahill says. It was the developers they were curious about, the Minnesotans who had created the first popular means of accessing the internet. It was like the Web but more straightforward, and it was already working.In fact, most attendees needed little introduction to Gopher — the software had been out for months. It was simple enough to explain: With minimal computer knowledge, you could download an interface — the Gopher — and begin searching the internet, retrieving information linked to it from anywhere in the world. In the reports of people who saw the presentation, the Web did not come across as the best of them, or even as particularly promising.The next day, in the light of the afternoon, McCahill and Anklesaria presented the Internet Gopher. It acted like a web laid over the internet, so you could spider from one source of information to another on nearly invisible threads.Two other programs with the potential to expand access to the internet — WAIS and Prospero — were discussed in the same session. In the race to rule the internet, one observer noted, “Gopher seems to have won out.”McCahill’s father was an executive for Conoco, the oil company, which moved him around the country about every two years. The White House revealed its Gopher site on Good Morning America. Gopher developers held gatherings around the country, called GopherCons, and issued a Gopher T-shirt — worn by MTV veejay Adam Curry when he announced the network’s Gopher site. The number of Gopher users expanded at orders of magnitude more than the World Wide Web. “Microcomputer guys were as far out of the mainstream as you could get and still be a part of the U’s computer center,” McCahill says. By the early 1980s, when only a fraction of schools in neighboring states had computers, there were about three or four in every public school in Minnesota.When McCahill began working in the Microcomputer Center, a turf battle was heating up — “a religious war,” McCahill calls it — between “the high priests of computing” who oversaw the U’s venerable mainframes, the enormous machines that once occupied entire rooms, and the growing cadre of personal-computer converts. The Minnesota Educational Computing Consortium, or MECC, formed in 1973 to get computers in schools and created software for them — most famously The Oregon Trail. So he took a job in the U’s Microcomputer Center, programming some of Apple’s first personal computers.The Twin Cities were a proto-Silicon Valley then, with a long history of producing some of the world’s most powerful computers at UNIVAC, Control Data Corporation, and Engineering Research Associates, which supported the work of Honeywell, IBM, and other local tech firms. He graduated from the U in 1979 with a BA in chemistry, spent a year studying effluent in rivers, and realized he liked the computer analysis (“heavy number smashing”) more than the chemistry itself (“kind of dirty”). It was in the air and the water.”McCahill, who had long hair then that he now pulls into a ponytail, spent his free time wind-surfing on Lake Calhoun, and says the PC revolution “looked like a good wave to ride … it would enable me to do what I’ve tried to do ever since: take technology that is cutting edge and get it to the point that it’s palatable to mom and dad and English majors.”In the late 1980s, McCahill and Anklesaria developed the first popular internet email system, called POPMail. “If you were interested in PCs, you just absorbed that attitude by osmosis. “The idea of democratizing access to computing, putting computers in the hands of everyday people — that resonated with me, and that was part of all the early PC stuff,” he says. “The mainframe was still the only thing — the Mac was considered a toy.”McCahill sided with PCs. “They had some complicated shit for doing searches that I didn’t want to do,” McCahill says. By early 1991, a committee of more than 20 department heads and computing specialists had been meeting for months, producing a long list of demands — including the use of mainframe computers — but zero code. For that matter, so could callers.At the same time, the U was determined to network its computers on the internet in a so-called campus-wide information system, or CWIS, and the schism was delaying development. “I wanted more people using email so I didn’t have to walk down the hall to my mailbox to collect my phone messages on little slips of paper.” Instead, secretaries could send an email. Microsoft 365 sharepoint for mac consultant“We had this marriage of Farhad’s super-simple protocol for saying give me a list of items, a menu,” says McCahill, “and my thing of having a way of searching, and we glued those two together.”It was plain text — no pictures, given that modem speeds were so slow. “And I said, ‘This stuff kind of works.’ Since we had nothing else, we went for it.”McCahill pushed for a full-text search engine — something we now take for granted — and borrowed the gist of one from a computer system called NeXT, which had recently been invented by Steve Jobs. He cobbled it together on a Mac, writing a server (a program enabling a computer to “serve up” requested files) and a client (how most of our computers are programmed, enabled to search for and request those files). So he stripped the program down to its simplest parts — a basic protocol for making information in one place available somewhere else. “It’s the school mascot!”He was a teenager when the internet began as the ARPAnet, connecting a handful of computers at Stanford and other universities. “We figured that if we called it Gopher, the committee couldn’t complain,” McCahill says. Anklesaria called it the Internet Gopher, a triple play on words: the U’s mascot, a critter that digs, and a go-fer — one who fetches. It was so simple that just about anyone could make it work, even an English major.“It was one of the rare times when we both looked at each other and said, ‘Holy shit, we’ve got a really good idea here,’” McCahill recalls. You just pointed your gopher, as the lingo went, to any Gopher site you wanted to explore, and there you were, burrowing through the internet. The concept was too abstract and it only worked on NeXT computers. He had never forgotten his father’s research on the brain, and when he wove the Web, it was based on this holistic, serendipitous, strangely rewarding experience of surfing from one vaguely related idea to the next.He finished a model of the Web in 1989, but for years it went nowhere. When you wanted information, Berners-Lee later recalled, “often it was just easier to go ask people while they were having coffee.” He decided he could do better. By then, in 1984, the internet had gone global CERN was the largest internet node in Europe.Yet using the internet was problematic even within the CERN lab.
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